[文学]Chapter4Syntax2.ppt

Read the following examples and pay attention to the Recursiveness in them. A: There are …types of people: those who know how to count, … and those who dont. B: Give me death or give me liberty. C: The Judge said, I trust your execution will teach you a valuable lesson for your future. D: Because it was too late, I hurried home. Example 4-40 on Page 90 Embedding Conjoining Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding one relative clause into another relative clause, so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful communication. Beyond the sentence Sentential connection Hypotactic (subordinate) Paratactic (coordinate) See (Hu, 2011: 92) Cohesion (衔接) Relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text. A concept to do with discourse or text rather than syntax. Cohesive devices: Conjunction: and, but, yet, so and then. Ellipsis: Lexical collocation Lexical repetition Reference Substitution More Examples of Cohesive Devices（ONLY FOR INTEREST） The eldest son worked on the farm, the second son worked in the blacksmith’s shop, but the youngest son left home to seek his fortune. (conjunction) A: … if you’ve seen them so often, of course you know what they are like. B: I believe so. Alice replied thoughtfully. (substitution) A: Is John going to come? B: He might (come). He was to (come), but he may not (come). (ellipse) (212-3) I would not believe it. They ‘ve accepted the whole scheme. (Reference) (47) See (Halliday and Hason, 1976) Phrase: A single element of structure With more than one word, and Without the subject-predicate structure. Phrase is lower than clause on grammatical hierarchy. Simple clauses may (and usually do) contain phrases, but simple phrases do not (in general) contain clause. Classification according to Centre/Head: NP,VP, etc. (Richard, 2000: 65 ) Clause (小句): a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contain a subject and a Finite Verb. A clause forms a sentence o