03级语用学06.pptVIP

PRAGMATICS 梁正宇 zhengyul@gliet.edu.cn 560 6550 Review Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) and the 4 maxims The maxim of quality, The maxim of quantity, The maxim of relevance, The maxim of clarity. Violation vs. flouting Conversational implicatures Session 6 Conversational implicature II Hedges Generalized conversational implicatures Scalar implicatures（等级含意） Particularized conversational implicatures Properties of conversational implicatures Conventional implicatures 1 The maxim of quality In a dialogue, we all try to make our contribution one that is true or say things that are true. Two sub-maxims: We do not say what we believe to be false, and We do not say anything we lack adequate evidence. 真实原则：要说真话，不说假话和无根据的话。 2 The maxim of quantity In a dialogue, we all try to make our contribution as much as desired. Two submxims under the quantity maxim: Make our contribution sufficiently informative for the current purposes of the conversation. Do not make our contribution more informative than is required (or necessary). 适量原则：要提供适量的信息，不多也不少。 3 The maxim of relevance Make sure that whatever you say is relevant to the conversation at hand. 相关原则：要说跟话题有关的话，不说无关的话。 4 The maxim of clarity Do not make your contribution obscure, ambiguous, or difficult to understand. Four submaxims: We try to avoid obscurity. We try to avoid ambiguity. We try to be brief. We try to be orderly. 明晰原则：说话要清楚明了，简捷而有条理。 Violating vs. Flouting Violation: It is not obvious at the time of the utterance that the speaker has lied, supplied insufficient information, or been ambiguous, irrelevant or hard to understand. These violation might hamper communication but do not lead to implicatures. Flouting: It is obvious to the hearer at the time of utterance that the speaker has deliberately and quite openly failed to observed the maxim(s). Conversational implicatures (会话含意) What the hearer infers from the utterance that is not openly stated. Conversational implicature is based on t