机械专业外文翻译 车床及其结构 其他专业.doc

The Lathe and Its Construction(原文) From Mechanical Engineering English A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges.Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows: (1)Engine lathes (2)Toolroom lathes (3)Turret lathes (4)Vertical turning and boring mills (5)Automatic lathes (6)Special-purposelathes In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation. These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe, which is shown in Fig.11.1. Lathe bed. The lathe bed is the main frame, involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting. It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably. Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the slide surface of the bed). The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock. The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds). Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds, which employ frictional ,electrical ,or hydraulic drives. The spindle is always hollow, i. e., it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed through that hole if continuous production is adopted. Also, that hole has a tapered su