[交通运输]高时间分辨精灵成像仪：观测与启示英文ppt.pptVIP

High Time-Resolution Sprite Imaging: Observations and Implications H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks M. G. McHarg U.S. Air Force Academy Trans Luminous Events (TLE) 2 examples at 1000 fps Sprite dynamics Images show features well known from TV image sequences with better detail Halo, tendrils, branches, and beads Images colorized for emphasis Altitude scale derived assuming sprite to be at lightning strike (NLDN) Sprite at 1000 fps Sprite at 1000 fps Rebrightening Features to be addressed Time scales ← Branches 1 ms (not resolved at ms) ← Beads/afterglow 1 ms ←Tendrils 1 ms (not resolved at ms) Image: 18 Aug 1999, WIRO, Wy. Effect of frame rate9 July 2005 06:06:46 UT Link to streamers in the lab Scaling of process time Time development scales as 1/n Density at ground level: 3 1019 /cc Density at 80 km altitude: 3 1014 /cc Scaling factor: 105 Scaled to 80 km altitude Scaled to 80 km altitude Streamer head formation First downward, later upwards moving streamer heads Upward starts from Lower altitude Existing luminous sprite structures (animation: GRL, 34, 11, 2007) Streamer head formation Streamer head formation Downward Streamer Summary of downward streamers: Streamer head starts 70 - 90 km altitude Halo may or may not be present Streamer head brightens as it moves down Direction largely straight down Velocity up to 6 107 m/s Both increase and decrease in speed observed Upward Streamer Upward Streamer Summary of upward streamers: Not present in all events Starts later than downward streamers Starts at lower altitude than downward streamers Starts from bead structures Ends with a “puff” and upward motion stops Velocities similar to downward streamers Significant horizontal velocity component Morphology C-sprite Downward streamers No upward streamers Carrot sprite Downward streamers Upward streamers Main Points All sprites start with downward moving streamer heads