Describing Data Using Numerical Measures参考.ppt

Chapter 3Describing Data Using Numerical Measures Chapter Goals After completing this chapter, you should be able to: Compute and interpret the mean, median, and mode for a set of data Compute the range, variance, and standard deviation and know what these values mean Construct and interpret a box and whiskers plot Compute and explain the coefficient of variation and z scores Use numerical measures along with graphs, charts, and tables to describe data Chapter Topics Measures of Center and Location Mean, median, mode, geometric mean, midrange Other measures of Location Weighted mean, percentiles, quartiles Measures of Variation Range, interquartile range, variance and standard deviation, coefficient of variation Summary Measures Measures of Center and Location Mean (Arithmetic Average) The Mean is the arithmetic average of data values Sample mean Population mean Mean (Arithmetic Average) The most common measure of central tendency Mean = sum of values divided by the number of values Affected by extreme values (outliers) Median Not affected by extreme values In an ordered array, the median is the “middle” number If n or N is odd, the median is the middle number If n or N is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers Mode A measure of central tendency Value that occurs most often Not affected by extreme values Used for either numerical or categorical data There may may be no mode There may be several modes Weighted Mean Used when values are grouped by frequency or relative importance Review Example Summary Statistics Which measure of location is the “best”? Shape of a Distribution Describes how data is distributed Symmetric or skewed Other Location Measures The pth percentile in a data array: p% are less than or equal to this value (100 – p)% are greater than or equal to this value (where 0 ≤ p ≤ 100) Percentiles The pth percentile in an ordered array of n values is the value in ith position, where Quartiles Quartiles split the