高分子保水材料在农业中的应用.doc

高分子保水剂农业应用研究进展( 庄文化1,2,3,4,冯浩1,2,3,吴普特1,2,3 (1.中国科学院水利部水土保持与生态环境研究中心, 杨凌 712100; 2.西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所, 杨凌 712100; 3.国家节水灌溉杨凌工程技术研究中心, 杨凌 712100; 4.中国科学院研究生院，北京 100039) 摘要: 高分子化合物作为一种新型保水抗旱材料在农业上得到了广泛的应用。保水材料通过自身的吸水供水,增加土壤团粒结构,降低土壤容重,增加空隙度,抑制蒸发达到保水效果,减少了降雨对土壤的侵蚀。通过减少养分淋失,达到提高肥料利用效率和减少肥料污染的作用。大量盆栽和大田试验结果发现高分子确实能够促进种子的出苗及植物生长,但必须结合土壤含水率正确使用。未来研究应重点开发低成本保水保肥多功能保水剂,不断扩大保水剂的应用领域和范围。 关键词：保水剂; 土壤水分; 土壤肥料; 植物生长; 土壤侵蚀; 中图分类号：S156.2 标识码：C 文章编号：200605080 Development of super absorbent polymer and its application in agriculture Zhuang Wenhua1,2,3,4,Feng Hao1,2,3,Wu Pute1,2,3 (1. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, MWRCAS , Yangling 712100, China; 2. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest SciTech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling 712100, China; 3. National Engineering Research Center for Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Yangling 712100, China;4.Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039) Abstract: Super absorbent polymer is widely used in agriculture as a new kind material absorbing and storing water. It can hold water in soil and reduce soil erosion by the way of absorbing water itself, increasing soil aggregates and porosity, reducing soil bulk density and evaporation. The super absorbent added in soil can reduce the fertilizer loss, control the pollution caused by the lost fertilizer, increase fertilizer use efficiency. A lot of experiments showed that using super absorbent polymer properly can absolutely increase the rate of seed emergence and promote the crop growth. The multifunctional super absorbent polymer with lower cost should be developed and the application fields and scale should be extended in the further study. Key words: super absorbent polymer; soil water; soil fertilizer; plant growth; soil erosion; 0 引 言 保水剂是利用强吸水性树脂制成的一种具有超高吸水保水能力的高分子化合物颗粒剂。这类物质含有大量结构特异的强吸水基团,可吸收自身重量的数百倍至上千倍的纯水[1 ]。这些被保水剂吸附的水能够慢慢释放出来供土壤、植物利用,遇到外界来水时保水剂能够继续膨胀吸水达到蓄水作用。20世纪60年代,美国农业部首先利用玉米制成淀粉接枝聚丙烯脂类保水剂,作为“改善水分状况的重要工具”在西部干旱地区推广应用