海上货物运输中无单放货若干法律问题研究精选.doc

海上货物运输中无单放货若干法律问题研究 摘要：依照现在单证交易的国际惯例，承运人只能在收货人提交全套正本提单后交付货物。然而，船舶已到港而需要通过银行办理结汇手续的提单还未到收货人的手中，造成堵港和当事人的经济损失，承运人及相关人面临无单放货的难题。无单放货一定程度上缓解了货物限于提单到达而引发的诸多矛盾，促进了港口物资的及时疏运，降低了承运人的运营成本，但存在当事人无法预见其行为后果、当事人对判决结果信服程度降低，审判难度增加等问题。因此，从无单放货的法律涵义、法律性质及其导致的法律责任为研究着手点，提出对建立和完善无单放货的救济机制与预防机制的设想和建议。 关键词：提单；无单放货；承运人 On the Release of Goods without Presentation of B/L in Carriage of Goods by Sea Abstract： According to International Trade Convention of bill trade, carriers can only hand over goods in the occasion that consignees submit a complete set of original B/L to him. However, B/L which should go through the formalities of exchange surrender couldnt be in the hand of consignees while ship has arrived in the port. The phenomenon will bring about port block even the concerned persons economic losses. Seeking contradiction, carriers often face with the problem on the release of goods without presentation of B/L. The release of goods without presentation of B/L, to some degrees, ameliorates a lot of contradiction which caused by the earlier arrival of goods than bill, promotes the timely scatter of goods, lower the operation cost of carriers. But it will also make the party concerted can not expect the aftereffect about themselves behavior, reduce the degrees of acceptance to court decision, meanwhile, add the trial difficulty. For this reason, this article get to research at points of law connotation, law nature and resulted law duty, thereby, put forward the tentative plan and suggestion on the perfect relief and prevention mechanism of the release of goods without presentation of B/L. Key words: B/L; Release of Goods Without Presentation of B/L;Carrier 承运人或其他相关人无正本提单交付货物（以下简称“无单放货”）是目前国内海事诉讼中最主要的诉由之一，该类诉讼标的金额通常为提单项下的货物价款，索赔金额巨大。在无单放货案件中，承运人往往会成为直接索赔的对象，需承担极大的风险。目前，我国未制定提单法，没有把提单法律关系提升到独立的法律制度的高度。《海商法》对提单的规定也较为简单，只是将其作为运输单证来定位，而对提单及货物的交付、凭保函交付货物等问题的规定也不具体明确。同时，在现有的海上运输公约中对交货这一问题也只作了有限的探讨，使得学术界、司法界就无单放货问题进行了持续的研究。在我国海事审判实践中，由于没有系统的理论基础，各法院对此有关的一些问题的判决或因此反映出来的观点很不一致，有的案件甚至要经过一审、二审，乃至