公交系统的地方金融政策选择.pdfVIP

Local Funding Options for Public Transportation Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review 3 General Transportation Funding (not specific to transit) 3 Transit Funding Studies 4 Evaluation Criteria 8 Potential Revenue 8 Predictability and Stability 8 Equity Analysis 8 Travel Impacts 9 Strategic Development Objectives 9 Public Acceptability10 Ease of Implementation 10 Analysis 11 Fare Increases11 Discounted Bulk Transit Passes13 Property Taxes 14 Regional Sales Taxes 15 Fuel Taxes 16 Vehicle Levy 17 Utility Levy 18 Employee Levy 19 Road Tolls 20 Vehicle-Km Tax 21 Parking Sales Taxes22 Parking Levy 23 Expanded Parking Pricing 24 Development Cost Charges or Transportation Impact Fees 25 Land Value Capture26 Station Rents 27 Station Air Rights 28 Advertising 29 Options Summary 30 Conclusions 33 Bibliography 35 Acknowledgments 40 2 Introduction High quality public transit can provide various economic, social and environmental benefits, including direct user benefits and various indirect and external benefits. Residents of communities with high quality transit tend to own fewer motor vehicles, drive less, and spend less on transport than they would in more automobile-oriented locations. Governments and businesses can save roadway and parking facility costs. It can support economic development. Appropriate public transit investments can provide positive economic returns: under favorable conditions transit investments can provide savings and benefits that more than offset costs (Litman 2010). As a result, public transit service improvements are an important component of many jurisdictions’ strategic transport plans (Buehler and Pucher 2010). Although federal and state/provincial funds can often help finance a portion of tran