太阳能发电系统对蒙古的发展影响.pdf

Mongolia Development Impacts of Solar-Powered Electricity Services Contents Acknowledgments v Acronyms and Abbreviations vii Executive Summary ix 1. Introduction 1 Country and Sector Background 1 Project Background 2 Survey and Impact Study Background 3 2. The Beneficiary Surveys 5 Survey 1: Sample Survey 5 Survey 2: In-depth Interviews 6 3. Survey Findings 9 Use and Sustainability of SHSs 9 SHS Ownership and Capacity 9 Maintenance and Servicing of SHSs 10 Overall Consumer Satisfaction and SHS Sustainability 11 Immediate Impacts of Changing Energy Patterns 13 Lighting 13 Access to Information 13 Communications 15 Time Allocation after Dark 15 Impacts on Quality of Life and Development 16 Productivity and Income 17 Household Expenses and Spending Patterns 17 Communication and Social Interaction 18 Healthcare and Emergency Care 18 Health Education and Preventive Care 20 Vulnerability and Sense of Security 20 Gender Impact of Solar Home Systems 20 Changes in Attitude and Cultural Preservation 21 Annexes A. Salient Demographic Features of the Sample Survey Population 23 B. Gender Aspects in Mongolia 27 References 29 iiiiii iv Contents Maps 1.1 Mongolia 1 2.1 Sample Survey—Aimags and Soums Visited 6 2.2 In-depth Interviews—Soums Visited 7 3.1 Network of REAP Sales and Service Centers 11 3.2