英文化合物命名.ppt

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, and Alcohol The formal system of nomenclature used today is one proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This system was first developed in 1892 and been revised at irregular intervals to keep it up to date. Underlying the IUPAC system of nomenclature for organic compounds is a fundamental principle: each different compound should have an unambiguous name. Nomenclature of unbranched alkyl group These alkyl groups have names that end in –yl. When the alkane is unbranched, and the hydrogen atom that is removed is a terminal hydrogen atom, the names are straightforward: Methane Methyl Me- Ethane Ethyl Et- Propane Propyl Pr- Butane Butyl Bu- Nomenclature of branched-chain alkanes Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms; this chain determines the parent name for the alkane. Number the longest chain beginning with the end of the chain nearer the substituent. Use the numbers obtained by application of rule 2 to designate the location of the substituent group. When two or more substituents are present, give each substituent a number corresponding to its location on the longest chain. When two substituents are present on the same carbon atom, use that number twice. When two or more substituents are identical, indicate this by the use of the prefixes di- tri- tetra-, and so on. When two chains of equal length compete for selection as the parent chain, choose the chain with the greater number of substituents. When branching first occurs at an equal distance from either end of the longest chain, choose the name that gives the lower number at the first point of different Nomenclature of branched alkyl groups The common names isopropyl (1-methylethyl), isobutyl (2-methylpropyl), sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl), and tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethl), neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) are approved by the IUPAC for the unsubstituted groups, and they are still very frequently used. Cl