(新生儿)早期过敏预防的营养策略.ppt.ppt

* * * * * * * Optional Speaker Notes: There is currently no formal or regulatory definition for probiotics or prebiotics. In general, probiotics are considered non-pathogenic live organisms that yield a benefit to the host. The most commonly used genera of probiotic bacteria include bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Some would consider certain yeasts, like Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic. Prebiotics are substrates that selectively stimulate the growth of certain bacteria. Most prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates in the diet. The most common forms of prebiotics in the diet of infants and children include galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) that are found in breast milk, and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) extracted from the chicory root, and other oligosaccharides found in fruits and vegetables. Most prebiotics are considered so based on the degree to which they enhance the growth of bifidobacteria in the host. “Bifidogenicity” is the most important characteristic that an oligosaccharide requires to be considered a prebiotic. * * * * * Optional Speaker Notes: By definition, a probiotic should be non-pathogenic. Although any organism can be pathogenic in nature, the best-studied probiotics are expected not to cause disease in the host. Probiotics need to be viable in the product in which they are consumed. Therefore, they need to be resistant to the technical processing prior to consumption. Probiotics should remain viable after passage through the stomach and the small bowel, and therefore need to be resistant to gastric acid and bile digestion. Until recently, some considered “being of human origin” as a necessary characteristic for a bacterium to be considered a probiotic. That is no longer the case. In general, to have an effect, a probiotic bacterium needs to transiently colonize the intestinal epithelium. Once the intestinal flora of the host is well-established, the oral intake of bacteria will modify the comp