石油类初稿130张西凤.doc

石油概述 An Overview of Petroleum 1.石油的生成 Genesis of Petroleum 研究表明，石油的生成至少需要200万年的时间，在现今已发现的油藏中，时间最老的可达到5亿年之久。在地球不断演化的漫长历史过程中，有一些“特殊”时期，如古生代和中生代，大量的植物和动物死亡后，构成其身体的有机物质不断分解，与泥沙或碳酸质沉淀物等物质混合组成沉积层。由于沉积物不断地堆积加厚，导致温度和压力上升，随着这种过程的不断进行，沉积层变为沉积岩sedimentary rock)，进而形成沉积盆地，这就为石油的生成提供了基本的地质环境geological environment)。 Studies have shown that the generation of Petroleum needs at least 200 million years, and the oldest oil deposit that has been found has a history of 500million years. There are some special period in the constantly process of earths evolution, such as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, when a large number of plants and animals died. After their death, the organic substance composing their body gradually decomposed (分解，腐烂), and comprised sedimentary formation together with sediment or Carbonic-acid precipitate and other material. With the sediment constantly piling up, the temperature and pressure rise as well. Illuvial horizon gradually became sedimentary rock as the process continued, and thus the sedimentary basins formed , which provides fundamental geological environment for the Genesis of Petroleum. 伴随各种地质作用geological process)，沉积盆地中的沉积物持续不断地堆积。当温度和压力达到一定程度后，沉积物中动植物的有机物质转化为碳氧化合物分子，最终生成石油和天然气。Accompanied by a variety of geological process, sediments in sedimentary basins continued to accumulation. When the temperature and pressure reaches a certain degree, the organic matte of flora and fauna in the sediment translated into the Carbon oxygen compound molecules, and finally oil and natgas came into being. 2. 石油的聚集Petroleum accumulation 石油不像水聚集在水库中那样聚集在沉积盆地最初形成的岩石——生油源岩，也就是沉积岩中，而是透过岩石的孔隙，被挤压到压力分布更低的岩石裂缝和孔隙中，直至停留在被完全封闭的储集岩中。储集岩reservoir rock)是聚集石油的岩石。储集岩形成了储藏石油的地质环境——圈闭构造，它是阻止石油被继续运移的地质构造。石油的这种聚集方式就如同水被一块海绵吸收一样。正因为有了储集岩和圈闭构造，石油才能安静地在地下定居，等待发掘者的到来。 Oil , unlike water gathering in the reservoir, gathers in the Oil-generating source rock, i.e. sedimentary rock. Instead, it is extruded into cracks and pores of rock through the pores of the rock w