化工原理-干燥（英文）.ppt

Solids handing in dryers In adiabatic dryers the solid are exposed to the gas In nonadiabatic dryers the only gas to be removed is the vaporized water or solvent, although sometimes a small amount of “sweep gas” (often air or nitrogen) is passed through the unit. Nonadiabatic dryers differ chiefly in the ways in which the solids are exposed to the hot surface or other source of heat. Because of the wide variety of materials that are dried in commercial equipment and the many types of equipment used, there is no single theory of drying that covers all materials and dryer types. Variations in shape and size of stock,in moisture equilibria, in the mechanism of flow of moisture through the solid, and in the method of providing the heat required for the vaporization—all prevent an unified treatment. General principles used in a semiquantitative way are relied upon. Dryers are seldom designed by the user but are bought from companies that specialize in the engineering and fabrication of drying equipment. 1.1 Temperature patterns in dryer The way in which temperatures vary in a dryer depends on the nature and liquid content of the feedstock, the temperature of the heating medium, the drying time, and the allowable final temperature of the dry solids. The pattern of variation, however, is similar from one dryer to another. Typical patterns are shown in Fig16.3. In a batch dryer with a heating medium at constant temperature, the temperature of the wet solids rises rather quickly from its initial value to the initial vaporization temperature . In a nonadiabatic dryer with no sweep gas, is essentially the boiling point of the liquid at the pressure prevailing in the dryer. If a sweep gas is used or if thedryer is adiabatic, is at or near the wet-bulb temperature of the gas which equals the adiabatic saturation temperature if the gas is air and water is the liquid being evaporated).Drying may occur at for a considerable time, but often after a short time the temperature