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Chapter 11.1.3 Classification of AttackPassive attacks are in the nature of eavesdropping on, or monitoring of, transmissions. The goal of the opponent is to obtain information that is transmitted. 被动攻击是在窃听，或监测的性质上传输。对手的目标是获取被传输的信息。The active attack involves modification of the data stream or the creation of the false stream. A typical active attack is one in which an intruder impersonates one to end the conversation, or acts as a man-in-the-middle.主动攻击涉及修改数据流或创建虚假流。一个典型的主动攻击是指入侵者冒充一结束谈话，或充当中间人。Exterior attack is initiated by the user who is not the system’s own user and enters the system through deviant way. Hacker attack belongs to the exterior attack.外部攻击是由，不是系统自身用户的用户发起的，通过不正常的方式进入系统。黑客攻击属于外部攻击。Interior attack is initiated by the system natural user who has the system’s account and authorization.内部攻击是由系统的自然用户谁有系统的帐户和授权。Performing reconnaissance执行侦查Scanning and enumeration 扫描和枚举Gaining access 获取（访问）权限Escalation of privilege 提升权限Maintaining access 维持访问权限Covering tracks and placing backdoors 掩藏痕迹、留下后门 Chapter 22.1.3 Modern CryptographyThe modern field of cryptography can be divided into several areas of study. The primary ones are discussed here: see Topics in Cryptography for more.现代密码学领域可以分为几个研究领域。这里主要讨论的是：在密码学中的更多主题。Symmetric-key cryptography refers to encryption methods in which both the sender and receiver share the same key (or, less commonly, in which their keys are different, but related in an easily computable way). This was the only kind of encryption publicly known until 1976.对称密钥加密是指加密方法，在该方法中，发送者和接收者共享相同的密钥（或不太常见的是，它们的密钥是不同的，但相关于一个简单的计算方式）。直到1976，这是唯一的一种公开已知的加密。As shown in Figure, one round (out of 8.5) of the patented IDEA cipher used in some versions of PGP for high-speed encryption of, for instance, e-mail.如图所示，一轮IDEA有专利的加密算法被使用PGP的一些版本的高速加密，例如，电子邮件。The modern study of symmetric-key ciphers relates mainly to the study of block ciphers and stream ciphers and to their applications. (分组密码和流密码).对称密钥密码的现代研究主要涉及到分组密码和流密码及其应用研究。(学生翻译) A block cipher is, i