病毒学双语版Chapter62.ppt

Infection:Part 2 Part 1 Evasion of Immune Responses by Viruses Inhibition of MHC I-Restricted Antigen Presentation: CTLs can only respond to foreign antigens presented by MHC I complexes on the target cell. A number of viruses interfere with MHC I expression or function to disrupt this process evade the CTL response. Such mechanisms include downregulation of MHC I expression by adenoviruses interference with the antigen processing required to form an MHC I-antigen complex by herpesviruses. Evasion of Immune Responses by Viruses Inhibition of MHC II Restricted-Antigen Presentation: MHC-II antigens are essential in the adaptive immune response in order to stimulate the development of antigen-responsive clones of effector cells. Herpesviruses papillomaviruses interfere with the processing surface expression of MHC II-antigen complexes, inhibiting the CTL response. Inhibition of Natural Killer Cell Lysis: The poxvirus Molluscum contagiosum encodes a homologue of MHC I which is expressed on the surface of infected cells but is unable to bind an antigenic peptide, thus avoiding killing by NK cells which would be triggered by the absence of MHC I on the cell surface. Similar proteins are made by other viruses such as HHV-5 (CMV), herpesviruses in general appear to have a number of sophisticated mechanisms to avoid NK cell killing. Evasion of Immune Responses by Viruses Inhibition of Cytokine Action: Cytokines are secreted polypeptides that co-ordinate important aspects of the immune response, including inflammation, cellular activation, proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis. Some viruses are able to inhibit the expression of certain chemokines directly. Herpesviruses poxviruses encode viroceptors - virus homologs of host cytokine receptors which compete with cellular receptors for cytokine binding but fail to give trans-membrane signals. High-affinity binding molecules may also neutralize cytokines directly, molecules known as virokines block cytokine rece