100308第七章_废弃物处理(排放)方法(双语).pptVIP

Chapter 7 Waste Disposal Methods The upstream petroleum industry generates a significant volume of wastes, primarily produced water and drill cuttings. No matter how effective a waste management plan or waste treatment program may be, wastes will remain that must be disposed of. In some cases, final disposal can be on-site, while in other cases, the wastes must be shipped for disposal off-site. Ultimately, petroleum industry wastes can be disposed of above or below the surface of either land or water. The suitability of these disposal locations varies with the wastes being disposed. 7.1 Surface Disposal The easiest and least expensive method of waste disposal is to discharge the wastes onto the ground or into surface waterways/排水渠. Although this has historically been a common disposal method for many wastes, its use and misuse has been a major factor in the increase in environmental regulations governing the petroleum industry. Nevertheless, various forms of surface disposal are still appropriate for many treated wastes. 7.1.1 Disposal of Water Wastewater can be discharged directly into local streams, rivers, or the oceans as long as its quality meets regulatory standards. When wastewater is discharged offshore, the water is typically treated to remove only the hydrocarbons. Although the dissolved solids concentrations of most produced waters are high enough to be toxic to even marine life, the rapid mixing and dilution of the discharged water makes the resulting environmental impact negligible. For near-shore discharge in shallow water, there is less opportunity for mixing and dilution of the discharged water, and a toxic plume/卷流 can exist for some distance away from the discharge points. Because this trapped brine can significantly impact the local marine life, permits to discharge high salinity brines near the shore may be difficult to obtain, even if the hydrocarbon content is low. When wastewater is discharged into onshore freshwate