国际贸易的基本理论1.docVIP

国际贸易的基本理论 国际贸易产生的原因 Reasons for international trade 1) Resource reasons Favorable climatic conditions and terrain（地形） Natural resources Skilled workers Capital resources Favorable geographic location and transport costs 2) Economic reasons ※ Absolute advantage 绝对优势——by Adam Smiths in The Wealth of Nations（1776） 亚当·斯密《国富论》（简称） An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 国民财富的性质和原因的研究》 （全称） He assumed that each country could produce one or more commodities at a lower real cost than its trading partners. It then follows that each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an “absolute advantage”, exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than does another country Comparative advantage（比较优势）－by David Ricardo in Principle of Political Economy（1871） 大卫·李嘉图（1772－1823）英国著名经济学家，是最早使经济学系统化的思想家。其代表作为《政治经济学及赋税原理》。 他进一步发展了亚当·斯密的“地域分工论”，提出了以“比较成本学说”为核心的国际贸易理论。他的这一理论及其以后对该学说的补充、发展，被称为“国际贸易纯粹理论”或“一般理论”。 Main point： A country should make the product that yields it the greatest advantage or the least comparative disadvantage两利之中选其重，两害之中选其轻 3）※ Political reasons: Political objectives can sometimes outweigh（在重要性上超过）economic considerations between countries. One country might trade with another country in order to support the latter’s government which upholds the same political doctrine（教条，学说）. 一、国际贸易（international trade）的含义： 从国际的角度来看，商品与服务的对外交换活动就是国际贸易。 1986年开始的GATT乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判，将国际贸易的涵义扩展为货物进出口、技术贸易和服务贸易三大内容. 二、国际贸易实务的概念: 国际贸易实务，或称进出口贸易实务，是一门专门研究国际间货物买卖的有关理论和实际业务的课程。 它涉及国际贸易理论与政策、国际贸易法律与惯例、国际金融、国际运输与保险等学科的基本原理与基本知识的运用。 ※Benefit of International Trade: a.Cheaper goods b.Greater variety when goods come from more countries c.Wider market with increasing number of trading partners d.Growth of economy 1货款的支付： In international trade, payment can be made by various means: d