胡壮麟语言学Chapter_.ppt

Chapter 5 Meaning （Continued） Highlights Sense relations Semantic analysis Sentential relations Review Are there words that have sense only? Review The Naming Theory symbol referent (word) (thing) Review concept word thing Review A common noun may be used in ——its referential meaning e.g. my car ——its conceptual meaning e.g. I need a car Determiners (the, my, this ,these, his, etc) signal a referential meaning Determiners (a, an, some, all, any, no) signal a conceptual meaning. Review A proper noun only uses its referential meaning. e.g. Byron is a great poet. Unless it is used figuratively: He is another Byron. Grammatical words (function words) are used only in their conceptual meanings. e.g. but, if, the, etc. Review Major lexical sense relations Synonymy 同义关系 Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. native words and borrowed words (esp. Latin) buy-purchase, brotherly-fraternal, world-universe According to the way they differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups: Synonyms 1)Dialectal synonyms – synonyms used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. British people live in flats and take the underground or tube to work and go upstairs by lift while Americans live in apartments and take the subway to work and go up by elevator. Synonyms 2) Stylistic synonyms – synonyms differing in style. Words having the same meaning may differ in style, or degree of formality. In other words, some words tend to be more formal, others casual, and still others neutral in style. old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent start, begin, commence kid, child, offspring Synonyms 3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning There are words that bear the same meaning b