机械工程材料第八版第二章课件（三）（中英双文）.ppt

Characteristics of grain boundary ① Irregular atom array ② low melting point ③ Poor erosion resistance ④ internal absorption, foreign atoms tends to gather round the boundary. ⑤ Impending dislocation movement, strengthening position, fine crystal grains are required for real metals ⑥ Priority nucleation site for phase change 显微组织的显示 晶界的特点： ① 原子排列不规则。 ② 熔点低。 ③ 耐蚀性差。 ④ 易产生内吸附，外来原子易在晶界偏聚。 ⑤ 阻碍位错运动，是强化部位，因而实际使用的金属力求获得细晶粒。 ⑥ 是相变的优先形核部位 显微组织的显示 2.2.3 Crystal structures of alloys Alloy is a metallic substance made up of two or more elements. Elements to form alloys could be either metals or metals and non-metals. Different phases could form by the interaction among the elements of alloy. Al-Cu两相合金 黄铜 3、合金的晶体结构 合金是指由两种或两种以上元素组成的具有金属特性的物质。 组成合金的元素可以是全部是金属，也可是金属与非金属。 组成合金的元素相互作用可形成不同的相。 Al-Cu两相合金 黄铜 Phase is the homogeneous part with interface divided from other parts in metals or alloys, composition and structures of the phase are uniform. Microscopic structures are combination of the shape, amount, size and distribution of the phases or crystal grains observed under microscope. Phases in solid alloys could be classified as solid solution and metal compound. 单相合金 两相合金 所谓相是指金属或合金中凡成分相同、结构相同，并与其它部分有界面分开的均匀组成部分。 显微组织实质上是指在显微镜下观察到的金属中各相或各晶粒的形态、数量、大小和分布的组合。 固态合金中的相分为固溶体和金属化合物两类。 单相合金 两相合金 ⑴ Solid solution If the structure of the phase is the same as crystal structure of one component of the alloy, the phase is called solid solution, usually named as ?、?、?. The element of the same crystal structure with the alloy is called solvent, other elements are called solutes. Solid solution is an important phase of alloys. Most metals are single phase solid solution or solid solution based alloys. Classified as substitution solid solution and gap solid solution according to the position of Cu-Ni置换固溶体 Fe-C间隙固溶体 solute atoms. ⑴ 固溶体 合金中其结构与组成元素之一的晶体结构相同的固 相称固溶体。习惯以?、?、?表示。 与合金晶体结构相同的元素称溶剂。其它元素称溶质。 固溶体是合金的重要组成相，实际合金多是单相固溶体合金或以固溶体为基的合金。 按溶质原子所处位置分为置换固溶体和间隙固溶体。 Cu-Ni置换固溶体 Fe-C间隙固溶体 ① Substi