Ch6 生产者行为-part I.pptVIP

第 6 章 生产者行为 第6章 本章要点 1．生产函数和边际产量递减规律 2．等产量曲线和边际技术替代率 3．生产要素的合理投入区间和合理替代区域 4．规模报酬和规模经济 5．成本的概念和测算 6．成本函数 7．等成本线和最佳投入组合 8．短期和长期成本 Where Are We in This Part? We have already studied consumer behavior in chapter five; We now study producer behavior. Three Steps to Study of Producer Behavior 1st: We work on producer’s “budget set”, which is the technology set; 2nd: We study producer’s “utility function”, which is his profit function; 3rd: We examine producer’s choice, which is his optimal production plan. Chapter Six Part I §6.1 Production Functions 生产函数 第6章 1. 生产过程和生产要素 生产是把投入转变为产出的过程 企业生产过程的起点是生产要素的投入 生产要素就是劳动、资本、土地、企业家才能等经济资源 第6章 2. 企业和企业环境 企业是根据一定目标(通常是利润)，为市场提供商品和服务的独立经营单位 企业分类 单工厂和多工厂 大、中、小规模 独资、合伙、公司(详见后) 第6章 企业外部交易关系 要素和投入品供给者 顾客 政府 第6章 3. 企业的性质 企业是生产函数 企业是一种组织 U型组织-集权式组织结构 H型组织-控股公司的结构 M型组织-事业部制 企业是一种契约结-企业利益相关者之间契约关系的连接点 Technologies A technology is a process by which inputs are converted to an output. E.g. labor, a computer, a projector, electricity, and software are being combined to produce this lecture. Technologies Usually several technologies will produce the same product -- a blackboard and chalk can be used instead of a computer and a projector. Which technology is “best”? How do we compare technologies? Input Bundles xi denotes the amount used of input i; i.e. the level of input i. An input bundle(投入束或投入组合) is a vector(向量) of the input levels: (x1, x2, … , xn). Production Function: Indicates the highest output that a firm can produce for every specified combination of inputs given the state of technology. Shows what is technically feasible when the firm operates efficiently. Production Functions The production function for two inputs: Q = F(K,L) Q = Output, K = Capital, L = Labor For a given technology Technology Sets A production plan is an input bundle and an output level: (x1, … , xn, y). A production plan is feasible （可行）if The collection of all feasible production plans is the production possibilities set