9-质量保证.pptVIP

环境监测质量保证 目录 意义和内容 质量控制一般程序 案例分析（4个） 第一节、意义和内容 保证监测数据准确可靠 实验室和监测系统科学管理 环境监测质量保证 环境监测质量控制 Quality assurance and quality control (QAQC) QC of analytical methods Effects on the analytical quality 第二节、实验室质量控制 第三节、案例分析 8) QC specifications 9) Reporting requirements CASE 2 Determination of metals in dry sludge CASE 3 * * Identify, measure, and keep random errors under control Components of a quality control program 一般程序（Important procedures in quality control） Accuracy Analysis of known samples Precision Analysis of replicate samples Extraction efficiency Analysis of matrix spikes Contamination Analysis of blanks 1. Determination of accuracy and precision Accuracy is determined by analyzing samples of known concentration and comparing the measured value to the known, true value. Standard reference samples are available from regulatory agencies and from commercial companies. A sample of known concentration may also be made up in the lab, for this purpose. Determination of precision involves making replicate measurements. The precision should be measured at different concentration levels which are within the range expected in the samples. The precision of the analytical method can be determined by splitting a sample into several aliquots and analyzing them to obtain a measure of relative standard deviation. 2. Statistical control statistical evidence that the precision of the process is within a certain specified limit is referred to as statistical control. Statistical control does not take into account the accuracy or bias of the measurement. However, the precision of the measurement should be established and statistical control be achieved before accuracy can be estimated. 2.1 Control charts Control chart. The upper and lower control lines are usually set at 3 σ from the mean. The warning limits are closer to the mean, and mark the points at which some action is scheduled to be taken to prevent out-of-control occurrences. Cusum control chart. When the poin