免疫学概述（中英文版）.ppt

参考教材 医学免疫学　何维主编 现代动物免疫学　王世若、王兴龙、韩文瑜主编 * * * * * * * * This leads our AIM2 to examine whether HPK1 is regulated by TCR or CD28 signaling. * This leads our AIM2 to examine whether HPK1 is regulated by TCR or CD28 signaling. * * * * * * T helper lineages and subsets. CD4 T helper cells can be divided into at least four lineages, namely, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg. These cells express master transcription factors (shown inside the cells, pSTATs stands for phosphorylated active STATs) and secrete signature cytokines (shown on the top of the cells). Other lineages, including Th3, Tr1, Tfh and Th9 cells, have been proposed. However, different Tfh cells also produce Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg cytokines, whereas some Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg subsets secrete Th9, Tr1 or Th3 signature cytokines,IL-9, IL-10 or TGFβ, respectively, as shown by arrows. Therefore, Tfh, Th9, Tr1 and Th3 cells may represent subsets of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg lineages. * * In disease states the balance is skewed. multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes, have a Th1 bias, whereas cancer patients have a Th2 bias. Th1 and Th2 Cells Do not Represent All CD4+ Cells More T helper subsets Th3: TGFβ-producing CD4 T cells Tr1: IL-10-producing CD4 T cells Th9: IL-9-producing CD4 T cells Tfh: follicular helper T cells, located in the follicular regions of lymph nodes and spleen,follicular Th1/Th2/Th17 cells ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (HUMORAL) IMMUNITY Directed against extracellular microorganisms and toxins B-lymphocytes (B cells) Differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies Function as antigen-presenting cells (APC’s) Classification of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Paul Ehrlich: One of the fathers of humoral adaptive immunity 1. The Discovery of Antibody functions 2. The Nobel Laureate in Medicine 1908 Adopted from Nature Immunology, July