美国机械工程师手册26th Edition Machinery’s Handbook_yd7精品.pdf

NONFERROUS ALLOYS 525 NONFERROUS ALLOYS Copper and Copper Alloys Pure copper is a reddish, highly malleable metal, and was one of the first to be found and utilized. Copper and its alloys are widely used because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of fabrication, and broad ranges of obtainable strengths and special properties. Almost 400 commercial copper and copper-alloy compositions are available from mills as wrought products (rod, plate, sheet, strip, tube, pipe, extrusions, foil, forgings, and wire) and from foundries as castings. Copper alloys are grouped into several general categories according to composition: coppers and high-copper alloys; brasses; bronzes; copper nickels; copper–nickel–zinc alloys (nickel silvers); leaded coppers; and special alloys. The designation system originally developed by the U.S. copper and brass industry for identifying copper alloys used a three-digit number preceded by the letters CA. These des- ignations have now been made part of the Unified Numbering System (UNS) simply by expanding the numbers to five digits preceded by the letter C. Because the old numbers are embedded in the new UNS numbers, no confusion results. UNS C10000 to C79999 are assigned to wrought compositions, and UNS C80000 to C99999 are assigned to castings. The designation system is not a specification, but a method for identifying the composition of mill and foundry products. The precise technical and quality assurance requirements to be satisfied are defined in relevant standard specifications issued by the federal govern- ment, the military, and the ASTM. Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys Principal Alloying Family