离散数学DMA_2.1-4.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * So, for example, on a 64-bit processor, using just a single machine-language instruction you can calculate the union or intersection of two sets out of a universe of discourse having up to 64 elements. This leads to an extremely fast way of doing complicated calculations on small sets. It is not a good method for large, sparsely populated sets, because searching the bit string to find which bits are “1” can take a long time. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * With Venn diagrams, you can see that one set is a subset of another just by seeing that you can draw an enclosure around its members that fits completely inside an enclosure drawn around the larger set’s members. * * * Note also that FORALL x P(x)-Q(x) can also be understood as meaning “{x|P(x)} is a subset of {x|Q{x}}”. This can help you understand the meaning of implication. For example, if I say, “if a student has a drivers license, then he is over 16,” this is the same as saying “the set of students with drivers licenses is a subset of the set of students who are over 16”, or “every student with a drivers license is over 16.” If no students in the universe of discourse have drivers licenses, then the antecedent is always false, or in other words the set of students with drivers licenses is just the empty set, which is of course a member of every set, and so the statement is vacuously true. Alternatively, if every student in the universe of discourse is over 16, then the consequent is always true, that is, the set of students who are over 16 is the entire universe of discourse, and so every set of students in the u.d. is necessarily a subset of the set of students who are over 16, and so the statement is trivially true. The statement is only false if there exists a student with a drivers license in the u.d. who is under 16 (perhaps the license is fake or from a foreign country), in which case, the set of students with