压力容器： 合成应力.pdfVIP

12. Pressure Vessels: Combined Stresses Cylindrical or spherical pressure vessels (e.g., hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and tanks) are commonly used in industry to carry both liquid s and gases under pressure. When the pressure vessel is exposed to this pressure, the material comprising the vessel is subjected to pressure loading, and hence stresses, from all directions. The normal stresses resulting from this pressure are functions of the radius of the element under consideration, the shape of the pressure vessel (i.e., open ended cylinder, closed end cylinder, or sphere) as well as the applied pressure. Two types of analysis are commonly applied to pressure vessels. The most common method is based on a simple mechanics approach and is applicable to “thin wall” pressure vessels which by definition have a ratio of inner radius, r, to wall thickness, t, of r/t≥10. The second method is based on elasticity solution and is always applicable regardless of the r/t ratio and can be referred to as the solution for “thick wall” pressure vessels. Both types of analysis are discussed here, although for most engineering applications, the thin wall pressure vessel can be used. Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels Several assumptions are made in this method. 1) Plane sections remain plane 2) r/t ≥ 10 with t being uniform and constant 3) The applied pressure, p, is the gage pressure (note that p is the difference between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure) 4) Material is linear-elastic, isotropic and homogeneous. 5) Stress distributions throughout the wall thickness will not vary 6) Element of interest is remote from the end of the