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Introductory Chemistry, nd Edition Nivaldo Tro化学导论，第二版尼瓦尔多周转率
Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 16 * Lead Storage Battery Six cells in series. Electrolyte = 6 M H2SO4. Anode = Pb. Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) ? PbSO4(s) + 2 e- Cathode = Pb coated with PbO2. PbO2 is reduced. PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2 e- ? PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l) Cell voltage = 2.09 v. Rechargeable, heavy. * Fuel Cells Like batteries in which reactants are constantly being added. So it never runs down! Anode and cathode both Pt-coated metal. Electrolyte is OH– solution. Anode reaction: 2 H2 + 4 OH– → 4 H2O(l) + 4 e-. Cathode reaction: O2 + 4 H2O + 4 e- → 4 OH–. Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 16 * Nonspontaneous Redox Reaction The reverse of a spontaneous reaction is nonspontaneous. To get it to run, an outside energy source must be supplied. Nonspontaneous redox reactions can be made to work by using a battery to force the electrons to flow in the nonspontaneous direction. Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 16 * Electrolysis Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to break a compound apart. Electrolysis is done in an electrolytic cell. Electrolytic cells can be used to separate elements from their compounds. Generate H2 from water for fuel cells. Recover metals from their ores. Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 16 * Electrolytic Cell The + terminal of the battery = anode. The - terminal of the battery = cathode. Cations attracted to the cathode; anions attracted to the anode. Cations pick up electrons from the cathode and are reduced; anions release electrons to the anode and are oxidized. In electroplating, the work piece is the cathode. Cations are reduced at the cathode and plate onto the surface. The anode is made of the plate metal, the anode oxidizes and replaces the metal cations lost from the solution. Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 16 * Electrolytic Cell—Electroplating Tros Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 16 * Corrosion Corrosion is the spontaneous oxidation of a metal by chemicals in the environment. Since many materials w
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