工程硕士英语课件unit 4.ppt

Unit 4 Friendship and Love Passage A Friendship: Its Foundations and Variants Related Information Monarchy Autocracy Oligarchy Democracy Timocracy Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which all political power is absolutely or nominally lodged with an individual. The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch. As a political entity, the monarch is the head of state, generally until their death or abdication（逊位）, and is wholly set apart from all other members of the state. It was a common form of government in the world during ancient and medieval times. Autocracy An autocracy is a form of government in which one person possesses unlimited power. An autocrat is a person (as a monarch) ruling with unlimited authority. The term autocrat is derived from the Latin word α?τοκρ?τωρ, meaning self-ruler, or one who rules by himself). Oligarchy An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony. Such states are often controlled by politically powerful families whose children are heavily conditioned and mentored to be heirs of the power of the oligarchy. Democracy Democracy is a political form of government carried out either directly by the people (direct democracy) or by means of elected representatives of the people, as if the people and the elected person were one, linear line of decisions. (representative democracy). Even though there is no specific, universally accepted definition of ‘democracy’, there are two principles that defines the word democracy. They include: equality and freedom. Timocracy a government where rulers are selected and perpetuated based on the degree of honor they hold relative to others in their society, peer group or class荣誉政治 The more extreme forms of timocracy where power derives from wealth rather than honor, may shift in their form and become a plutocracy where the wealthy and pow