Molecular basis of genetic material(带图片).pptVIP

4.The code is degenerate（遗传密码间存在简并现象）, that is, a given amino acid can be specified by more than one triplet codon. This is the case for 18 of the 20 amino acids. 5.The code contains “start” and “stop” signals. Certain triplets that initiate and terminate translation. Only 61 of the 64 codons specify amino acids; these codons are called sense codons（有义密码子）. The other three codons — UAG, UAA, and UGA — do not specify an amino acid. These three codons are the stop codons（终止密码子）, also called nonsense codons（无义密码子）, or termination codons（终止密码子）. AUG 6.The code is nearly universal.（遗传密码的通用性）. The mitochondria of some organisms, such as mammals, have minor changes in the code. 二、 Translation: The process of protein synthesis Translation is the process by which cells synthesize proteins. Protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes where genetic message encoded in mRNA is translated. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome bound to tRNA molecules（与tRNA结合的氨基酸被带往核糖体）. The correct amino acid sequence is achieved as a result of ： (1) the binding of each amino acid to its own specific tRNA, and (2) the binding between the codon of the mRNA and the complementary anticodon in the tRNA. There may be more than one tRNA for each amino acid. Transfer RNAs that bind the same amino acid are called isoacceptors (同功tRNA). The attachment（结合）of an amino acid to its tRNA is called aminoacylation (氨基酸酰化) or charging（携带）. The process is catalyzed by enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases（氨酰tRNA合成酶）. Aminoacylation uses energy from ATP hydrolysis . When the correct amino acid has been attached to the tRNA it recognizes the codon for that amino acid in the mRNA allowing it to place the amino acid in the correct position. The three basic stages（阶段）of protein synthesis — initiation, elongation（延长）and termination（终止） Initiation involves binding（结合）of a ribosome to mRNA. Elongation involves repeated addition of amino acids and termination involves release of the new p