第1章複素数.pdfVIP

1 1.1 1.1.1 → → → → → → → → . Gauss n () n n n 1.1.2 x2 + 1 = 0 x i x y z = x + i y x y z Re z Im z z = x + i y : x = Re z, y = Im z. (1.1) 0 0 1 2 1 z = x + i y x − i y z z = x + i y, z = x − i y. (1.2) 2 2 z = x + i y x + y | z | | z | = x2 + y2 . (1.3) (1) x + i y = 0 x = 0, y = 0 (1.4) (2) x + i y = x + i y x = x , y = y (1.5) (1) x + i y = 0 x2 + y2 0 z z = z z z = −z 1.1.3 z = x + i y r ϕ x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ (1.6) r z | z | ϕ z arg z r = | z | = x2 + y2 , ϕ = arg z = tan−1 y . (1.7) x (1.6) z z z = r (cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) (1.8) z r ϕ 2π z = r (cos (ϕ + 2nπ) + i sin (ϕ + 2nπ)) , (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·) (1.9) −π ϕ ≤ π (n = 0) z (= 0) Euler x (−∞ x +∞) 2 n x x x ex = 1 + + + · · · + + · · · (1.10) 1! 2! n! 1.1 3 x