Microbiology N200课件.ppt

* Examples of major antibiotic resistance problems Hospital Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) – hospital and community acquired Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) Multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (eg Acinetobacter baumannii, many others Community Community acquired MRSA Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotic resistance in food-borne organisms Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Enterococcus spp, multi-drug resistant E coli (and salmonella) * Strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance Hospitals Improved infection control Implement and enforce hospital policies for prescribing antibiotics Monitor antibiotic use Use narrow spectrum antibiotics where possible Combined therapy where appropriate Monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns Vaccines where available * Strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance 2. Community Education of doctors and patients Eg no antibiotics for simple viral infections Vaccines where possible – Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) Combined therapy for TB Research - eg to understand the epidemiology of community acquired MRSA Strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance 3. Food borne infections Reduce prevalence of salmonella, campylobacter on farms Reduce contamination of carcasses with faecal material (salmonella, campylobacter, enterococci) Reduce post-processing contamination (salmonella) Reduce contamination of fresh produce (salmonella) Improved hygiene in food handling and preparation in home and in community (salmonella, shigella, campylobacter) Reduce antibiotic use on farms * Common misuses of antibiotics 1. the patient does not have an infection 2. the infection does not respond to antibiotics - eg viral infections 3. the latest wonder drug is used when an older product would be effective- protecting the new product for situations where it is really needed 4. the patient prescribes