医学检验特色专业 ..ppt

* Frequently Asked Questions & 12/2004 Asian Event Ellen Prager, PhD StormCenter Communications, Inc. Understanding - Science, Risk, & Probabilities Preparing - Warnings, Education, Development Stanford University, 1906 Algeria, 1980 Loma Prieta, 1989 World Seismicity 1975-1995 Depth Worldwide there are 2-3 earthquakes of 6.5 magnitude or greater each week After Vigil, This Dynamic Planet Trench Mid-Ocean Ridge X Subduction Zones Courtesy USGS Where in the U.S. do earthquakes most frequently occur? Alaska ! How do earthquakes happen? Along Fault Slow movement and sticking Strain builds up Rupture and deformation Energy released as vibrations USGS Magnitude based on average of amplitude seismic waves different stations - geology, direction and distance away from source a measure of how much the earth shifts logarithmic - each level 10X greater than previous in terms of shaking, 32X in energy several different magnitudes now….greater than 6.0 - moment magnitude What determines the size and impact of a Quake? Size of the rupture…energy released Largest quake ever recorded….9.5 - 1960, Chile 1964 Good Friday Quake in Alaska 9.2 Both generated tsunamis 9.0 magnitude or greater large rupture over large surface area 1,000 km long possible not only intense, long lasting…4 to 5 minutes Impact - Population density, type and safety of construction, And geology/nature of the surface and underground What about Aftershocks… …..how big & how many ? Larger aftershocks tend to come sooner rather than later Decrease with time Can trigger activity on other faults Tend to outline rupture zone Earthquake Prediction? Some seismologists believe quakes are inherently unpredictable ! Probability of a quake of a certain magnitude over a given time frame Southern California, by 2024 some believe that there is an 80 - 90% chance of a 7.0 or greater Are there reliable quake precursors ? Animals Groundwater Magnetic Field Infrared Si