《生物化学Biochemistry》双语课件PPT 13 光合作用.pptVIP

经非环式电子传递时分解2分子H２O，放1 个O２与传递2对电子，使类囊体膜腔内增加12个H＋(放氧复合体处放4个H+，Cytb６/f间的电子传递时放8个H+) Cyclic photophosphorylation Photorespiration C4 / CAM Pathways The reaction with O2 results in no fixation of carbon salvaging the carbons from 2-phosphoglycolate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase The modern atmosphere contains about 20% O2 and only 0.04% CO2, so an aqueous solution in equilibrium with air at room temperature contains about 250 M O2 and 11 M CO2— concentrations. significant O2 “fixation”-------rubisco a significant waste of energy The Km for CO2 is about 9 M, The Km for O2 is about 350 M Rubisco Photorespiration Results from Rubisco’s Oxygenase Activity Rubisco(ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) 2-phosphoglycolate, a metabolically useless product salvaging the carbons from 2-phosphoglycolate consumes significant amounts of cellular energy and releases some previously fixed CO2. Electron Micrograph of a Peroxisome Nestled between Two Chloroplasts. Electron Micrograph of an Open Stoma and a Closed Stoma. Many plants, grow in the tropics (high light intensity high temperatures) such as maize, sugarcane甘蔗, and sorghum 高粱 a mechanism has evolved to circumvent the problem of wasteful photorespiration The C4 plants characteristics: high photosynthetic rates high growth rates low photorespiration rates low rates of water loss a specialized leaf structure: mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells Carbon assimilation in C4 plants The C4 pathway, involving mesophyll cells bundle-sheath cells 上: C4单子叶植物（甘蔗） 下: C3单子叶（一种草） C４途径 mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells The bundle-sheath cell contains starch granules. Plasmodesmata 胞间连丝connects the two cells Mesophyll cell：磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)以及与C4二羧酸生成有关的酶 BSC：Rubisco等参与C3途径的酶、乙醇酸氧化酶以及脱羧酶。 这两类细胞中进行不同的生化反应。 C4 Plants, CO2 Fixation and Rubisco Activity Are Spatially Separated (三)C4途径的反应过程 因植物种类不同而有差异 四个阶段：羧化、还原或转氨、脱羧和底物再生 三种亚类型 依赖NADP的苹果酸酶(NADP malic enzyme)的苹果酸型(NADP-ME型)； 依赖NAD的苹果酸