外文翻译供给与需求市场力量.docxVIP

附录AA.1 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND When a cold snap hits Florida，the price of orange juice rises in supermarkets throughout the country．When the weather turns warm in New England every summer，the price of hotel rooms in the Caribbean plummets．When a war breaks out in the Middle East，the price of gasoline in the United States rises，and the price of a used Cadillac falls．What do these events have in common? They all show the workings of supply and demand． Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often—and for good reason．Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work．They determine the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold．If you want to know how any event or policy will affect the economy，you must think first about how it will affect supply and demand．This chapter introduces the theory of supply and demand．It considers how buyers and sellers behave and how they interact with one another．It shows how supply and demand determine prices in a market economy and how prices，in turn，allocate the economys scarce resources．A.1.1 MARKETS AND COMPETITION The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people as they interact with one another in markets．A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service．The buyers as a group determine the demand for the product，and the sellers as a group determine the supply of the product．Before discussing how buyers and sellers behave，lets first consider more fully what we mean by a “market” and the various types of markets we observe in the economy．A.1.1.1 COMPETITIVE MARKETS Markets take many forms．Sometimes markets are highly organized，such as the markets for many agricultural commodities．In these markets，buyers and sellers meet at a specific time and place，where an auctioneer helps set prices and arrange sales． More often，markets are less organized．For example，consider the market for ice cream in a particular town．Buyers of ice