Vision - Florida Atlantic University视觉-佛罗里达大西洋大学.pptVIP

Carlson-Physiology of Behavior 6/e, Allyn and Bacon 6: Vision Sensory Systems The brain detects events in the external environment and directs the contractions of the muscles Afferent neurons carry sensory messages to brain Efferent neurons carry motor messages to the muscles Stimulus: any energy capable of exciting a receptor Mechanical Chemical Thermal Photonic Sensory energies are measurable (unlike ESP) Sensory Receptors Receptors are specialized nerve cells that transduce energy into neural signals Receptors lack axons, form synapses with dendrites of other sensory neurons Receptors are “mode” specific “Law of Specific Nerve Energies”: sensory messages are carried on separate channels to different areas of the brain Receptors detect a small range of energy levels Eye: 400-700 nM Ear: 20-20,000 Hz Taste buds: specific chemicals Visual Systems The function of a visual system is to detect electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by objects Humans can detect light with a wavelength between 400-700 nM Perceived color (hue) is related to the wavelength of light Brightness is related to the intensity of the radiation Functions of vision Discriminate figure from background (food or rock?) Detect movement (predator/prey?) Detect color (adaptive value of color vision) Eye Details An eye consists of: Aperture (pin hole, pit, or pupil) to admit light Lens that focuses light Photoreceptive elements (retina) that transduce the light stimulus Retina Light passes through the pupil and is focused by the lens onto the retina at the back of the eye The retina consists of three layers of cells Ganglion cell layer Bipolar layer Photoreceptor layer: receptors in this layer transduce light The ganglion cell layer is the outermost layer and the photoreceptor layer is the innermost layer In order to reach the photoreceptor layer, light actually passes through the outer two layers of the retina Rods and Cones Two types of photoreceptors are located within the retina Rods: 120 mill