Nuclear Chemistry - Mizzou University of Missouri核化学-美国密苏里堪萨斯大学.ppt

* * Nuclear Fission Nuclear chain reaction is a self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions. The minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the critical mass. * Schematic of an Atomic Bomb * Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Reactor U3O8 refueling * Chemistry In Action: Nature’s Own Fission Reactor Natural Uranium 0.7202 % U-235 99.2798% U-238 Measured at Oklo 0.7171 % U-235 * Nuclear Fusion 2H + 2H 3H + 1H 1 1 1 1 Fusion Reaction Energy Released 2H + 3H 4He + 1n 1 1 2 0 6Li + 2H 2 4He 3 1 2 4.9 x 10-13 J 2.8 x 10-12 J 3.6 x 10-12 J Tokamak magnetic plasma confinement solar fusion * Thyroid images with 125I-labeled compound normal enlarged * Radioisotopes in Medicine 98Mo + 1n 99Mo 42 0 42 235U + 1n 99Mo + other fission products 92 0 42 99mTc 99Tc + g-ray 43 43 99Mo 99mTc + 0b 42 43 -1 Research production of 99Mo Commercial production of 99Mo t? = 66 hours t? = 6 hours Bone Scan with 99mTc * Geiger-Müller Counter * Biological Effects of Radiation Radiation absorbed dose (rad) 1 rad = 1 x 10-5 J/g of material Roentgen equivalent for man (rem) 1 rem = 1 rad x Q Quality Factor g-ray = 1 b = 1 a = 20 * Chemistry In Action: Food Irradiation Example * Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 19 Copyright?? The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.? Permission required for reproduction or display. * X A Z Mass Number Atomic Number Element Symbol Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons A Z 1p 1 1H 1 or proton 1n 0 neutron 0e -1 0b -1 or electron 0e +1 0b +1 or positron 4He 2 4a 2 or a particle 1 1 1 0 0 -1 0 +1 4 2 Review * Balancing Nuclear Equations Conserve mass number (A). The sum of protons plus neutrons in the products must equal the sum of protons plus neutrons in the reactants. 1n 0 U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 Rb 96 37 1n