An Overviw of Nucleic Acid课件.ppt

tRNA processing 9.4 Special RNA structures (1) Hairpin loops: single-stranded loop that bridges one end of a double-stranded stem. (2) Internal loops: interruptions in double-stranded RNA caused by the presence of nucleotides on both strands that cannot participate in Watson- Crick base-pairing. (3) Bulges: double-stranded RNA molecules with unpaired nucleotides on only one strand. (4) nucleotide triples: triple helical structures that form through hydrogen bonding between single and double stranded RNA molecule. (5) Pseudoknots: results from base-pairing between nucleotide sequences within an RNA loop and a complementary nucleotide sequence outside the RNA loop. 28 nucleotides pseudoknot 10 DNA DAMAGE, MUTAGENESIS, AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF MUTATION 10.1 DNA Damage: the alteration of DNA molecule. (1) Spontaneous damage to DNA Deamination: a mammalian cell 3~500 times/day cytosine to uracil adenine to hypoxanthine guanine to xanthine CpG island: a region of DNA containing many unmethylated CpG sequences. Usually associated with active genes. Depurination: 3~5000 times/day Depyrimidination: 3~500 times/day apurinic/apyrimidine(AP) site(abasic site) (2) Photodamage (UV) cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers(CPDs): T-T,T-C, C-T,C-C (3) Chemical modification: Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) hyper-reactive oxygen(single oxygen, peroxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxy radicals) Ionizing radiation(X-ray, gamma rays) Alkylation by food and environmental chemicals (4) Replication errors DNA replication: mismatches small insertions or deletions