现代伦理学中的和应当问题引论.doc

PAGE PAGE 96现代伦理学中的“是与应当”问题引论（上部）哲学系99级 李俊O, when degree is shaked, Which is the ladder to all high designs, Then enterprise is sick! How could communities, Degrees in schools and brotherhoods in cities, Peaceful commerce from dividable shores, The primogenitive and due of birth, Prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels, But by degree, stand in authentic place? Take but degree away, untune that string, And, hark, what discord follows! each thing meets In mere oppugnancy: the bounded waters Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores And make a sop of all this solid globe: Strength should be lord of imbecility, And the rude son should strike his father dead: Force should be right; or rather, right and wrong, (Between whose endless jar justice resides) Should lose their names, and so should justice too. Then every thing includes itself in power, Power into will, will into appetite; And appetite, an universal wolf, (So doubly seconded with will and power) Must make perforce an universal prey, And last eat up himself. Great Agamemnon, This chaos, when degree is suffocate, Follows the choking, And this neglection of degree it is That by a pace goes backward, with a purpose It hath to climb. ——William Shakespeare:The History of Troilus and Cressida 啊！秩序是一切高尚计划的阶梯，如果秩序动摇，事业也就陷入危险。诸社团、学校的学制、城市的组织、各海岸的和平贸易、长子的优先继承权、以及年龄、王冠、权杖、桂冠的特权该如何能恰得其所，除了依靠秩序？把秩序废除、琴弦松开，听，会是怎样的杂音：一切事物都互相抵触：被束缚的水要把底基抬得高于河岸，把整个坚实的大地浸泡变软；强者会是弱者的主人，粗野的儿子会打死父亲；强权就是公理，或者说，对与错原由正义判明，此后将再无对错可言、也无所谓正义！那时万物将把自己纳入权力中，权力括入意志中，意志括入欲望中，而欲望是一只到处觅食的恶狼，又有权力和意志两相扶助，一定要吞噬一切，最后吃掉自己。伟大的Agamemnon，这种混沌就是扼死秩序的后果，因为对这种秩序的忽略，想要向上攀登的，却是在往后退。——William Shakespeare：The History of Troilus and Cressida（Ulysses之台词，Act1SceneIII101-29）。Gibt es kein Bereich au?erhalb den Tatsachen? ——Ludwig Wittgenstein 在事实以外就没有其他领域了吗？——Ludwig Wittgenstein。目录摘要…………………………………………………………………3引言…………………………………………………………………4一、预备讨论1．对Hume文本的标准解释及其问题………………………………52. Hume的三种画像…………………………………………………83．小结…………………………………………………………………11二、“应当”的理论失