Diction (遣词用字).docVIP

I. Diction (遣词用字) 本章概述 本章阐述了翻译中的遣词用字问题。在分析了英汉词字层次上的五种对应关系的基础上，概述了语言学家们提出的英语词义辨析的四种基本方法和英语词语翻译的常用技巧．并对汉译英的遣词用字问题做了探讨。 遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。本章用对比的方式归 纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5．无对等词语。 词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。本章从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即l.根据构词法辨别词义；2．根据指代关系辨别词义；3．根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4．根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。 在词义辨析的基础上，本章归纳了英语词语翻译的八种常用技巧：1．推演法；2．移植法；3．引伸法；4．替代法；5．释义法；6.合并法；7．图形法；8．音译法。 汉译英的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。英译汉时译者输出的是自己所熟悉的汉语词汇、语法结构，很多表达法早已在头脑里形成了概念，只需译者一一甄别、作出取舍 即可；而汉译英则需从一大堆我们不那么熟悉的词语中去寻找答案一一这也解释了为什么人们普遍认为，在同一档次的翻译上，汉译英的难度要大大超过英泽汉。 By“diction”we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. In the practice of translation，what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the language to be translated into．Great care is called for in the translation of“familiar”English words into Chinese，as their meanings vary with the Change in collocation or context．Take the following simple sentence for example： * Tension is building up． Without context，both “tension”and build up may have various explanations．Thus this English sentence may be translated into different Chinese expressions accordingly： ·形势紧张起来。 ·张力在增大。 ·电压在增加。 ·压力在增强。 Just as a noted linguist has observed，“the meaning of a word is its use in the language”，and“each word，when used in a new context，is a new word”．The above example is a good illustration of this saying． In comparison with Chinese，English words are generally more flexible both in form and in meaning，therefore it is often a hard task for a translator to find their Chinese equivalents that are suitable to the occasion. Take the word story for example: (1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。 (2) It is quite another story now. 现在的情况完全不同了。 (3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. 有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内