电子计算机的诞生-北京大学网络与信息系统研究所.PPT

* * /2008/0331/788473.shtml 图灵是举世罕见的天才数学家和逻辑学家,仅仅在世42年。他的英年早逝,像他横溢的才华一样,令世界吃惊与难以置信。生命虽然短暂,但那传奇的人生, 丰富多彩的创造力和智慧而深邃的思想,使他犹如一颗耀眼的明星,持续地照耀着人间后世在科学的浩瀚太空里探索未来的人们。 众所周知,“诺贝尔奖”是世界上最负盛名的奖项,但仅用于奖励那些在物理、化学、文学、医学、经济学与促进世界和平等方面做出开拓性重大贡献的人士。“图灵奖”则是计算机科学领域的最高奖项,有“计算机界诺贝尔奖”之称。设立这个大奖,既是为了促进计算机科学的进一步发展,也是为了纪念一位天才数学家、计 算机科学的奠基人艾兰·图灵。 /wiki/图灵 亲历图灵测试 /2012/06/28/judge-the-turing.html 这届的图灵测试结果说明，我们现在的人工智能还没有达到图灵预计的那个阶段，机器目前想和人类真正地谈话还是比较困难的。 * /w/index.php?title姚期智variant=zh-cn * * In the Turing model, the output data depends on the combination of two factors: the input data and the program. The idea of a universal computational device was first described by Alan Turing in 1937. He proposed that all computation could be performed by a special kind of a machine, now called a Turing machine. Although Turing presented a mathematical description of such a machine, he was more interested in the philosophical definition of computation than in building the actual machine. He based the model on the actions that people perform when involved in computation. He abstracted these actions into a model for a computational machine that has really changed the world. * A universal Turing machine, a machine that can do any computation if the appropriate program is provided, was the first description of a modern computer. It can be proved that a very powerful computer and a universal Turing machine can compute the same thing. We need only provide the data and the program - the description of how to do the computation - to either machine. In fact, a universal Turing machine is capable of computing anything that is computable. /222/22216connectionism.htm John von Neumann 1903-57. From V.Pratt, Thinking Machines, Oxford, 1987, Blackwell, p.166. * /view/46087.htm 约翰·冯·诺依曼（ John von Neumann，1903－1957），“现代电子计算机之父”，美籍匈牙利人，物理学家、数学家、发明家，“现代电子计算机之父”即电脑（即EDVAC，它是世界上第一台现代意义的通用计算机）的发明者。1903年12月28日生于匈牙 约翰·冯·诺依曼利的布达佩斯，父亲是一个银行家，家境富裕，十分注意对孩子的教育．冯·诺依曼从小聪颖过人，兴趣广泛，读书过目不忘．据说他6岁时就能用古希腊语同父亲闲谈，一生掌握了七种语言．最擅德语，可在他用