专升本 福建《大学英语》语法汇总(内部资料).docVIP

PAGE PAGE 1 福建《大学英语》语法汇总（内部资料） 动词的时态和语态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。它是“时”和“体”的组合。“时”有现在、过 去、将来、过去将来之分；“体”有一般、进行、完成、完成进行之别。 现在完成时 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作，常与 so far, in the past/ last few years, recently, lately, twice, for two years, how long, since (…ago) 用。 例如：I have finished one third of the report so far. She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for…”, “since…”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如： He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 3. 短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive, die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start, break out 等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 例如不能说：He has finished the work for three hours. 要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用 1）“ago 法”：He finished the work three hours ago. 2）“延续法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours. 3）“since 法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work. 过去完成时 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作,常与 by (the end of)+过去时间状语，by then 等时间状语连用, 也可用 before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示， 还可通过上下文来表示。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. By then he had learned English for 3 years. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 例如：At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用 hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose 等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如： We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 4．用于 hardly / scarcely / barely had ... done…when…和 no sooner…had...done...than…引导的复合句的主句 中，常用倒装语序。When 和 than 从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚、、、就、、、” Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我们刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。 Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre. 我们才刚刚开动，汽车的轮胎就漏气了 5. It was / had been + 一段时间+ since 从句. Since 从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们 10 年没这么高兴了。 6. This / That / It was the first / second ...time + that 从句。 that 从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。 It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. 这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。 That was the first tim