托福听力逻辑信号词汇总.docx

因果关系： 因为（原因, 源于）: due to，as，for, because (of), since, owing to, thanks to, come from, result from, initiate from, derive from, arise from, originate from, in that, on account of, be attributed to 所以（结果，导致）：therefore, thereby, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, so, so that, as a result (of), result in, bring about, accordingly, account for, give rise to, contribute to, lead to, spark, prompt, be responsible to, stimulate, cause, make, render, spur, push, motivate 对比转折关系: in contrast to, while, whereas, nevertheless, instead of, but，yet, conversely, alternatively, on the contrary, contrary to, in contrast, different from, differ from, however, rather than, unlike, in fact, while, meanwhile 并列比较关系：or, vice versa, also, as well as, both and, either or, neither nor, in the same way, equally, similarly, similar to, like, just like, unlike，likewise, not only but also, more than. 条件关系：if, unless, providing, provided, until, suppose, supposing that, in case, as long as, on condition that, only if, when 让步关系：Although, though, even though/if, even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyway, as while(尽管，虽然，即使), still(尽管如此) , now that 递进 Still, also, indeed, furthermore, moreover, even, besides, additionally, in addition, what’s more 经常考察的逻辑关系有: 因果, 转折让步, 并列递进, 举例 因果关系: 两个事物A和B, A导致了B的发生 -常见的表示因果关系的词语: ---1. 表示前因后果的逻辑连接词: thus/therefore/hence/consequently, lead to, so, so ... that ..., in order to(前为手段, 后为目的), result in, ... ---2. 表示前果后因的逻辑连接词: because, result from, subject to, for/as/since, ... ---3. 表示逻辑意味的动词: 作者常在表示因果的逻辑连接词和表示因果的动词之间替换 ------1. 表示”造成, 确定”意味的动词: determine, cause,make, have, come from, arise from, ... ------2. 表示”刺激, 影响”意味的动词: in?uence, stimulate, trigger, inspire, ... ------3. 表示”思考, 联系”意味的单词: establish connections between, reasoning that, ... -常见的因果关系的错误选项: ---1. 因果颠倒(常见): 把原句的因果调换位置构成一个错误选项, 所以我们读到因果关 系的句子时一定要先明确何者为因, 何者为果 ---2. 把因果关系替换成必要条件关系: 假如原句的逻辑关系为因果关系, 那么只要在选 项中出现了unl