1.2-有丝分裂.ppt

Mitosis (有丝分裂) The division of the nucleus in multicellular organisms like us. From birth to rebirth, a cell progresses through characteristic stages which constitute the Cell Cycle. The progress through the cell cycle is carefully regulated. Cell Cycle (1) Gap 1 (G1): No division processes apparent. (2) Synthesis (S phase): DNA is replicated. (3) Gap 2 (G2): No division processes apparent, but twice as much DNA compared to G1. Cell Cycle (4) Mitosis (M Phase): Chromosome condensation, separation, cell division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase These stages may be subdivided (early and late prophase, prometaphase, anaphase1 and anaphase2) Prophase Nuclear envelope “dissolves” Chromatin fibers start to condense into chromosomes Nucleolus disappears Spindle Microtubules form Metaphase Microtubules attach to the kinetochores (着丝点) of the chromosomes Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell Kinetochores and Microtubules Chromosomes are moved to the two poles (ends) of the cell by microtubules. The array of microtubules involved in chromosome movement is called the spindle. The kinetochore (着丝点) is a specialized structure which forms at the centromere （着丝粒） of the chromosome. Spindle microtubules extend from the centrioles (中心粒) to the kinetochores. Anaphase Sister Chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell Anaphase A: chromosomes move toward the spindle poles Anaphase B: The spindle poles move apart, further separating the chromosomes Telophase A reversal of the processes of prophase Spindles disappear Nuclear envelope reforms Chromosomes de-condense Nucleolus reforms Cytokinesis (cell division) Cytokinesis the division of the cell, follows mitosis. Cytokinesis Animal cells divide by “pinching” in; a cleavage furrow pinches inward until the cells are separated. Plant cells divide by “building” a cell wall between the two new cells. (The rigid cell wall prevents a pinching in type of division). * The K