世界经济教学资料 . trade and investment policies.pptVIP

U.S. Perspective on Trade and Investment Policies The U.S. seeks a positive trade policy rather than reactive, ad hoc responses to specific situations. Protectionist legislation can be helpful, provided it is not enacted into law. Trade promotion authority gives Congress the right to accept or reject treaties and agreements, but reduces the amendment procedures International Perspective on Trade and Investment Policies From an international perspective, trade and investment negotiations must continue. In doing so, trade and investment policy can take either a multilateral or bilateral approach: bilateral negotiations are carried out mainly between two nations. multilateral negotiations are carried out among a number of nations. Specific Limitations on Trade: ? Quotas ? Import Licensing requirements ? Proportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods (local content requirements) ? Minimum import price limits ? Embargoes Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: ? Valuation systems ? Antidumping practices ? Tariff classifications ? Documentation requirements ? Fees Types of Non-tariff Barriers Standards: ? Standard disparities ? Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods  and standards ? Packaging, labeling, marking and safety standards Types of Non-tariff Barriers Government Participation in Trade: ? Government procurement policies ? Export subsidies ? Countervailing duties ? Domestic assistance programs Types of Non-tariff Barriers Charges on imports: ? Prior import deposit subsidies ? Administrative fees ? Special supplementary duties ? Import credit discriminations ? Variable levies ? Border taxes Others: ? Voluntary export restraints ? Orderly marketing agreements Monetary Barriers Blocked Currency Differential Exchange Rate Government Approval to Secure Foreign Exchange Exchange Permit Bargaining Position of Multinational Corporation (MNC) and Host Country Global Financial Institutions Internati