InorgChem武大无机化学课件01.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * The total volume is 3.1 mL. The first graduated cylinder limits the precision of the total volume with a volume of 2.8 mL. The second graduated cylinder has a volume of 0.28 mL. Therefore, the final volume must be 3.1 mL since the first volume is limited to the tenths place. * * * * * * * * * * gasoline * * * 1 (burning of wood) * * * * * * Rules for Counting Significant Figures 3. Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures. 1 inch = 2.54 cm, exactly. 9 pencils (obtained by counting). * Exponential Notation Example 300. written as 3.00 × 102 Contains three significant figures. Two Advantages Number of significant figures can be easily indicated. Fewer zeros are needed to write a very large or very small number. * Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations 1. For multiplication or division, the number of significant figures in the result is the same as the number in the least precise measurement used in the calculation. 1.342 × 5.5 = 7.381 ? 7.4 * Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations 2. For addition or subtraction, the result has the same number of decimal places as the least precise measurement used in the calculation. * You have water in each graduated cylinder shown. You then add both samples to a beaker (assume that all of the liquid is transferred). How would you write the number describing the total volume? 3.1 mL What limits the precision of the total volume? * CONCEPT CHECK! Three Systems for Measuring Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin * The Three Major Temperature Scales Converting Between Scales * Matter Anything occupying space and having mass. Matter exists in three states. Solid Liquid Gas * The Three States of Water * Solid Rigid Has fixed volume and shape. * Liquid Has definite volume but no specific shape. Assumes shape of container. * Gas Has no fixed volume or shape. Takes on the shape and volume of its container. * Mixtures Have variable composition. * Homogeneous Mixture