2007计资讯系统计学上课投影片.pptVIP

Data Collection and Sampling;Recall;5.1 Methods of Collecting Data;This is often a preferred source of data due to low cost and convenience. Published data is found as printed material, tapes, disks, and on the Internet. Data published by the organization that has collected it is called PRIMARY DATA（初級資料）.;Observational study is one in which measurements representing a variable of interest are observed and recorded, without controlling any factor that might influence their values. Experimental study is one in which measurements representing a variable of interest are observed and recorded, while controlling factors（控制變數） that might influence their values. ;Surveys solicit information from people. e.g. pre-election polls; marketing surveys. The Response Rate（回收率） (i.e. the proportion of all people selected who complete the survey) is a key survey parameter. Surveys can be made by means of personal interview（個人訪談） telephone interview（電話訪談） self-administered questionnaire（自???管理調查）;Questionnaire Design（問卷設計）;5.2 Sampling（抽樣）;5.3 Sampling Plans;Simple Random Sampling;Example 5.1 A government income-tax auditor is responsible for 1,000 tax returns. The auditor will randomly select 40 returns to audit. Use Excel’s random number generator to select the returns. Solution We generate 50 numbers between 1 and 1000 (we need only 40 numbers, but the extra might be used if duplicate numbers are generated.);Simple Random Sampling;Simple Random Sampling;This sampling procedure separates the population into mutually exclusive sets (strata) （互斥的層別）, and then draw simple random samples from each stratum.;With this procedure we can acquire information about the whole population each stratum the relationships among strata.;Stratified Random Sampling;Cluster sampling is a simple random sample of groups or clusters of elements. This procedure is useful when it is difficult and costly to develop a complete list of the population members (making it difficult to develop a simple rand