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Genomics 基因组学 Genomics is a discipline in genetics concerning the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. 基因组学（genomics）是研究基因组的结构和功能以及基因间的相互作用的学科。 研究内容 结构基因组学（structural genomics） HGP HGP发展史 测序策略 关键技术 成果 应用 The key methods applied to HGP The establishment of the hierarchical BACs library of the human genome. The improvement of DNA sequencing (CyDye-labeled dNTPs, capillary electrophoresis, laser detector, pyrosequencing). The establishment of Bioinformatics to annotate the DNA segments sequenced (the assembly of DNA sequence in order, definition of functional elements), and annotation of human genome sequence through assays The achieved from HGP (working draft, Chr22, Chr21, the final draft) HGP application (HGP meanings to other scientific fields) In 1998, A private company Celera created by Craig Venter announced that Celera would complete the rough draft of human genome by the end of the year 2000, insisting that the genes are protected by patent. Excited by Celera announcement, Francis Collins, director of HGP, promised to produce a rough draft by the end of the year 2000, too. June26, 2000, Venter and Collins appeared with President Clinton at a ceremony in the East Room of the White House to announce the completion of a rough draft of the human genome (Celera 99% vs HGP85%, published in Feb15, 2001, HGP in Nature Celera in Science). In map-then-sequencing strategy : (1) the mapping of the human and mouse genomes to allow the study of inherited disease and provide a crucial scaffold for genome assembly (2) the sequencing of organisms with smaller, simpler genomes to serve as a testbed for method development and assist in interpreting the human genome (3) the sequenc