第32章讲义.pptVIP

Chapter Thirty-Three Externalities 外部效应 Structure Definition Consumption externality Production externality The tragedy of commons Externalities An externality is a cost or a benefit imposed upon someone by actions taken by others. The cost or benefit is thus generated externally to that somebody. An externally imposed benefit is a positive externality. An externally imposed cost is a negative externality. Examples of Negative Externalities Air pollution. Water pollution. Loud parties next door. Traffic congestion. Second-hand cigarette smoke. Examples of Positive Externalities A well-maintai