清华大学数据库原理课件第六章.pptVIP

863项目答辩—清华英泰/武汉天喻 数 据 库 原 理 王 建 民 清 华 大 学 软 件 学 院 2002年/秋 Main Contents Domain Constraints Referential Integrity Assertions Triggers What is integrity? Integrity constraints(完整性约束) ensure that changes made to the database by authorized users do not result in a loss of data consistency Data inconsistency means that the various values of the same attribute of the same object may no longer agree Relation Schema Definition: R (A, D, dom, F) Table header R (A1, A2, …, An ) is a relation schema To define a relation schema in the DBMS, DDL need to specify: R, Relation Name A, Attributes D, Domain types dom, Mapping rules from A to D F, Constraints on R From where Integrity Derived? Application Semantics Tow forms of integrity constraints for the E-R model Key declarations Form of a relationship Many to many Many to one One to many Form of Integrity Constraints In general, an integrity constraint can be an arbitrary predicate pertaining to the database Integrity constraints that can be tested with minimal overhead Domain Constraints Referential Integrity Assertions Triggers Domain Constraints Domain constraints are the most elementary form of integrity constraint They test values inserted in the database, and test queries to ensure that the comparisons make sense New domains can be created from existing data types E.g. create domain Dollars numeric(12, 2) create domain Pounds numeric(12,2) Check Clause The check clause in SQL-92 permits domains to be restricted Use check clause to ensure that an hourly-wage domain allows only values greater than a specified value create domain hourly-wage numeric(5,2) constraint value-test check(value = 4.00) The domain has a constraint that ensures that the hourly-wage is greater than 4.00 The clause constraint value-test is optional; useful to indicate which constraint an update violated More Example Can have complex conditions in domain check create domain AccountType char(10) constraint account-type-t