第七讲国际人权法 (1)..pptVIP

If a government will not protect its own citizens, the doctrine of responsibility to protect allows the international community to step in, but not necessarily with soldiers. ------ Anne-Marie Slaughter 五、利比亚的情况： 1970号决议第9段 　9. 决定所有会员国应立即采取必要措施，阻止从本国境内或通过本国领土或由其国民或利用悬挂其国旗的船只或飞机，直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国供应、出售或转让任何类别军火或相关军用物资，包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备及上述物项的备件，以及与军事活动有关的或与提供、维修或使用任何军火和相关军用物资，包括提供武装雇佣军(无论是否源自本国境内)有关的技术援助、培训、财政及其他援助，并决定这一措施不适用于下列情况： 　…… 1973号决议第4段 保护平民 　　4. 授权已通知秘书长的以本国名义或通过区域组织或安排和与秘书长合作采取行动的会员国，采取一切必要措施，尽管有第1970(2011)号决议第9段的规定，以便保护阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内可能遭受袭击的平民和平民居住区，包括班加西，同时不在利比亚领土的任何地方派驻任何形式的外国占领军，请有关会员国立即通知秘书长它们根据本段的授权采取的措施，并应立即向安全理事会通报这些措施； 五、国际社会的反应 专家学者：Francis M. Deng , 联合国秘书长防止种族灭绝特别顾问；Edward Luck, 联合国秘书长助理，关于保护的责任特别顾问；Gareth Evans, 前澳大利亚外交部长，最新著作：The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All (Brookings Institution Press, September 2008 ） 非政府机构 -保护的责任国际联合会（International Coalition for Responsibility to Protect，/ -保护的责任全球中心（the Global Centre for Responsibility to Protect，/ -保护的责任亚太中心（Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, / 国家 Brazil’s concept of “Responsibility while protecting” “Prevention is always the best policy. It is the emphasis on preventive diplomacy that reduces the risk of armed conflict and the human costs associated with it; The international community must be rigorous in its efforts to exhaust all peaceful means available in the protection of civilians under threat of violence, in line with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and as embodied in the 2005 Outcome Document; The use of force must produce as little violence and instability as possible. Under no circumstances can it generate more harm than it was authorized to prevent; In the event the use of force is contemplated, action must be judicious, proportionate and limited to the objectives established by the Security Council; Enhanced Council procedures are needed to monitor and assess the manner in which resoluti