语法导论与语法层次.pptVIP

Introduction Requirements of the course: attendance, performance, and final exam About the textbook (impossible to learn chapter after chapter) About the exercises Teaching Method: lecture (in Chinese or English?), exercises, discussion Teaching Timetable: 16 weeks, 2 periods per week Introduction What’s the point of learning grammar? What is the purpose of learning grammar? How to learn grammar well? Language is changing, so is grammar. Grammar learner (close study instead of mechanical watching) There are always exceptions out of the general rule. Basic Concepts used in Grammar What’s grammar? Grammar is the structural system of a language. Universal grammar, specific grammar for various languages Grammatical and appropriate, elegant Grammarian (their task is to explain, not to lay down the rules), different schools of grammar (different approaches to explain) The lectures to follow 1关于否定 2关于定语从句 3关于IT句型 4关于倒装 5关于比较结构 6关于语法层次 7关于分词结构 8关于动词时态 9关于主谓一致 10 关于冠词和单位词 11 关于虚拟语气 12关于存在句 13 关于间接引语 14 关于反意疑问句 15关于介词 16 关于被动结构 Grammatical Hierarchy语法层次 The grammar of English is organized into 5 ranks: sentence, clause, phrase, word, morpheme Each rank is composed of one or more than one unit of the immediate lower rank. The sentence consists of one or more than one clause, the clause, one or more than one phrase, the phrase, one or more than one phrase, the phrase, one or more than one word, and the word, one or more than one morpheme. Morpheme词素 The minimum grammatical unit, the smallest meaningful element of speech. Two categories : Free morpheme, Bound morpheme Free morphemes (free simple words) Bound morphemes are mostly affixes attached to free morphemes (prefix and suffix) Morpheme词素 Free morphemes: Boy, desk, kind, luck , in, out, war, water, fire, wife, high, etc Bound morphemes: anti-, un-, in, co-, post-, -less, ness, -ful, -ly, -er, ism, etc. Word词 word is composed of one or more tha